Commercial Energy Auditing Reference Handbook, 3rd edition
SKU: 82311400588

Commercial Energy Auditing Reference Handbook, 3rd edition

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Commercial Energy Auditing Reference Handbook, 3rd editionThis is a single license Digital eBook PDF File that is downloadable, and password protected eBook Description Table of Contents Introduction User Guide Suggested References Section ISpecific Information Chapter 1 Benchmarking General Differentiating by Energy Source Energy Use Intensity Limitations of EUI Calculating EUI Mixed EUI Production EUI EUI Adjustment for Occupancy Energy End Use Distribution Energy End Use Variations Over Time Energy Cost

This is a single license Digital eBook PDF File that is downloadable, and password protected

 

 

eBook Description


Table of Contents

  • Introduction
  • User Guide
  • Suggested References
  • Section I—Specific Information
  • Chapter 1 Benchmarking
  • General
  • Differentiating by Energy Source
  • Energy Use Intensity
  • Limitations of EUI
  • Calculating EUI
  • Mixed EUI
  • Production EUI
  • EUI Adjustment for Occupancy
  • Energy End Use Distribution
  • Energy End Use Variations Over Time
  • Energy Cost as a Percent of Total Operating Cost
  • Limitations of Using Benchmark Data
  • Chapter 2 Analyzing Energy Use Graphs
  • General
  • Intuitive Information
  • Year by Year Comparisons
  • Weather Dependence
  • Load Factor
  • Business Volume (Production Rates)
  • Savings Opportunities
  • Chapter 3 Energy Saving Opportunities by Business Type
  • PBA concept
  • Energy End Use Pies
  • Apartment Buildings/Multi-Family/ Dormitories
  • Churches/Worship
  • Data Centers
  • Education—Colleges and Universities
  • Education—Schools K-12
  • Food Sales—Grocery Stores
  • Food Service/Restaurants
  • Health Care—Hospital
  • Health Care—Non Hospital
  • Laundries—Commercial
  • Libraries/Museums
  • Lodging/Hotels/Motels
  • Office Buildings
  • Retail/Sales
  • Warehouses
  • Pools
  • Ice Rinks
  • Specific Sub Systems
  • Boilers
  • Chillers
  • High Rise
  • Variable Air Volume Systems
  • Chapter 4 Manufacturing and Unit Operations
  • Introduction
  • Common Themes in Approaching Process Efficiency
  • Metrics: Macro View
  • Metrics: Micro View
  • Process Diagramming
  • Standby Losses
  • Process-Related Shared Systems
  • Building Services Energy Use
  • Reviewing Coincidence of Activities
  • Reviewing the Process Itself
  • Desire for Energy Use to Follow Production Rates
  • Primary Energy Use Sources
  • Production Scheduling
  • Maintenance
  • Controls
  • Some Common ECMs for Manufacturing
  • Specific Light Manufacturing ECMs by Process
  • Chapter 5 ECM Descriptions
  • ECM Descriptions—Envelope
  • ECM Descriptions—Lighting
  • ECM Descriptions—HVAC
  • ECM Descriptions—Boilers and District Heating
  • ECM Descriptions—Swimming Pools
  • ECM Descriptions—Heat Recovery
  • ECM Descriptions—Thermal Storage (TES)
  • ECM Descriptions—Electrical
  • ECM Descriptions—Compressed Air
  • ECM Descriptions—Laundry
  • Chapter 6 Utility Rate Components
  • Electric
  • Gas
  • Chapter 7 Automatic Control Strategies
  • General
  • Cost/Benefit Ratio for Control System EMCs
  • Control System Application Notes
  • Lighting Control Strategies—Basic
  • HVAC Control Strategies—Basic
  • Lighting Control Strategies—Advanced
  • HVAC Control Strategies—Advanced
  • Other Ways to Leverage DDC Controls
  • Control System Calibration
  • Chapter 8 Building Operations and Maintenance
  • Vacancy
  • Closing a Facility for Part of a Week
  • Closing a Portion of a Facility for Extended Periods
  • Facility Repair Costs
  • Maintenance Value
  • Poor Indoor Comfort and Indoor Air Quality Costs
  • Productivity Value
  • Maintenance Energy Benefits
  • Heat Exchanger Approach Diagrams
  • Chapter 9 Quantifying Savings
  • General
  • Measure Interactions
  • Bin Weather Used to Estimate Load Profile and ECM Savings
  • Equipment Efficiency Profiles
  • Rough Estimating Envelope Improvement Savings
  • Establishing the HVAC Load Profile
  • Adjusting the HVAC Load Profile for Humid Climates
  • Adjusting the HVAC Load Profile for Overlapping Heating and Cooling
  • Sample Savings Calculations
  • Load-following Air and Water Flows vs. Constant Flow (VSD Benefit)
  • Supply Air Reset vs. Reheat—Constant Volume
  • Supply Air Reset with VAV vs. Increased Fan Energy
  • Condenser Water Reset vs. Constant Temperature
  • Chilled Water Reset for Variable Pumping vs. Increased Pump Energy
  • Water-Side Economizer vs. Chiller Cooling
  • Higher Efficiency Lighting vs. Existing Lighting
  • Higher Efficiency Motors vs. Existing Motors
  • Higher Efficiency Chiller vs. Existing Chiller
  • Higher Efficiency Boiler vs. Existing Boiler
  • Hot Water Reset from Outside Air vs. Constant Temperature
  • Reduce Air System Friction Losses—Constant Volume
  • Automatic Control Savings Examples
  • Computer Modeling/Simulating Energy Use
  • Measurement and Verification (M&V)
  • Macro Baselines—for Goals and Projections
  • Chapter 10 Sustaining Savings
  • Tendency for Initial Savings to Deteriorate
  • Maintaining Initial Savings
  • Checklist for service access and operations
  • Section II—General Information
  • Chapter 11 Mechanical Systems
  • General
  • HVAC System Types
  • Water-Cooled vs. Air-Cooled—
  • Single Pass Mechanical Systems
  • Oil-Less Refrigeration Technology
  • Hermetic Motor Energy Penalty
  • Thermal Energy Transport Notes
  • Chillers
  • Part Load Chilled Water System Performance
  • Cooling Towers and Evaporative Fluid Coolers
  • Dry Coolers
  • Electronic Expansion Valves
  • Air and Water Circulating System Resistance
  • Fan/Pump Motor Work Equation
  • Fan and Pump Efficiencies
  • Thermal Balance Concept for Buildings
  • Air-Side Economizer
  • Cooling Energy Balance for Heat Producing Equipment
  • Humidifiers
  • Kitchen Hoods and Make-Up Air
  • Heat Pumps
  • Refrigeration Cycle
  • Evaporative Cooling
  • Spot Cooling
  • VAV Reheat Penalty
  • Glycol vs. Efficiency
  • Cost of Ventilation
  • Simultaneous Heating and Cooling
  • Chapter 12 Motors and Electrical Information
  • Full Load Motor Efficiency
  • Part Load Motor Efficiency—Constant Speed
  • Part Load Motor Efficiency—Variable Speed
  • Effect of Voltage Changes on Induction Motor Characteristics
  • Voltage Imbalance
  • Sources of Motor Losses
  • Common Motor Design Characteristics
  • Permanent Magnet Motors
  • Fractional Horsepower Motors
  • Variable Speed Drives
  • Power Factor
  • Chapter 13 Combustion Equipment and Systems
  • Steam Cost
  • Combustion Efficiency
  • Boiler Heating Output When Only Heating Surface Area is Known
  • Boiler StandBy Heat Loss (Boiler Skin Loss)
  • Boiler Cycling Losses
  • Savings from Various Boiler Improvements
  • Pilot Light Fuel Consumption
  • Natural Draft Flue—Dilution Air
  • Savings from Steam System Improvements
  • Steam Leaks
  • Flue Gas Recoverable Heat
  • Savings from Reducing Excess Air
  • Generator Fuel Consumption
  • Heat Rate
  • Chapter 14 Compressed Air
  • Contents
  • Overall Efficiency of Compressed Air
  • Standard SCFM vs. Actual ACFM
  • Compressor Efficiency
  • Compressed Air Cost
  • Compressor Capacity Control
  • Compressed Air Leaks
  • Compressed Air Driers
  • Pressure Drop from Friction in Piping
  • Storage and Capacitance
  • Rules of Thumb
  • Chapter 15 Fan and Pump Drives
  • Fan/Pump Capacity Modulation Methods
  • V-Belts
  • Synchronous Belts
  • Variable Speed Drive Considerations
  • Best Efficiency Point (BEP)
  • Pump/Fan Curve Characteristics
  • Wire-To-Water Efficiency
  • VSD Savings: Square Instead of Cube
  • Affinity Law Application Where Static Head is Involved
  • Savings Impact When Controlling to a ConstantDownstream Pressure—VAV and Variable Pumping
  • Savings from Lowering DownstreamMaintained Pressure Setting
  • Chapter 16 Lighting
  • General
  • Lighting terms
  • Dimming
  • Lighting vs. Distance
  • Light Colored Surfaces
  • Lighting Technology Properties
  • LED Technology
  • Lighting Energy Use, Pct of Total Electric, by Building Type
  • Lighting Hours by Building Type
  • Typical Recommended Lighting Levels
  • Lighting Opportunities
  • Occupancy Sensor Energy Savings
  • Lighting Impacts on HVAC Use by Climate
  • Lighting Power Budget Values Watts/SF
  • Chapter 17 Envelope Information
  • BLC Heat Loss Method
  • R-Value Reduction from Stud Walls
  • Glazing Properties
  • Infiltration
  • Air Flow Created from Building Stack Effect
  • Air Flow Through Open Dock Doors
  • Door Infiltration Rates
  • Composite U-values for Envelope Evaluation
  • Percent Skylight/Clerestory Effect on Overall Gross Roof Insulation U-value
  • Chapter 18 Domestic Water Heating
  • Domestic Water Heaters
  • Domestic Water Heater Standby Losses
  • Chapter 19 Weather Data
  • Degree-days
  • Bin Weather Data
  • Weather Data by Days and Times
  • Chapter 20 Pollution and Greenhouse Gases
  • Pollution—Emission Conversion Factors by State
  • Pollution—Conversion to Equivalent Number of Automobiles
  • Other Environmental Considerations
  • Chapter 21 Formulas and Conversions
  • Efficiency
  • COP, EER, kW/Ton
  • Heat-conversion Factors
  • Affinity Laws
  • Electrical Formulas
  • Load Factor
  • Energy Transport (Circulating Water and Air)
  • Heat Transfer Formulas
  • HVAC Formulas and Conversions
  • Altitude Correction
  • Humidification
  • Dehumidification
  • Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
  • Properties of Air, Water, Ice
  • Specific Heat of Air and Water
  • Heating Values of Common Fuels
  • Latent Heat of Water
  • Insulation Formulas
  • Other Useful Formulas
  • Fuel Switching—Electric Resistance Heat vs. Combustion Heat
  • Heat Pump—Approximate COP from High/Low Region Temperatures
  • Heat Pump—Approximate kW Power from COP
  • Chimney Effect
  • Other Conversion Factors
  • Conversion Factor Tables
  • Metric Conversion Factors
  • Chapter 22 Water Efficiency
  • Introduction
  • A Philosophy of Water
  • Water Technology Compared to Energy Technology
  • Reduced Pressure
  • Water Grades
  • Filters and Strainers
  • Cooling Towers
  • Boilers
  • Process Water Purification
  • Water Efficiency for Mechanical Cooling Systems
  • Evaporation Loss
  • Domestic Hot and Cold Water Systems
  • Water Reuse Opportunities
  • Potable Water Substitutes
  • Water Accounting
  • Appendix A: Consumptive Use
  • Appendix B: Embedded Energy in Water and Waste Water
  • Chapter 23 Using Feedback for Energy Management
  • Introduction
  • The Need for Feedback
  • Obstacles to Behavior Savings
  • Behavior Choices and Feedback
  • Operations and Maintenance
  • Choices and Feedback
  • Management Choices and Feedback
  • Utility Choices and Feedback
  • Energy Dashboards
  • Deputy Effect
  • Sub Meters
  • Savings from O&M and Behavior
  • Additional Related Topics
  • Chapter 24 Special Topics
  • A— Data Center Efficiency
  • High Energy Use Intensity in Data Center Power Food Chain
  • Server Part Load Energy Use
  • Measures to Reduce Computer Energy Use Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE)
  • Mechanical Cooling Energy Reflection
  • Water Cost
  • Cooling Designs
  • Interaction of HVAC Measures
  • Basic HVAC Strategies
  • HVAC System Variations
  • Additional Opportunities for Data Centers
  • Economizers
  • B— Percent per Degree Rule of Thumb for Refrigeration Cycle Improvement
  • C— Early Replacement Business Case
  • D— Lease Arrangements-Effect on Energy Project Interest
  • E— Coordinating Upstream/Downstream Setpoints
  • F— Semiconductor Fab Multi-Stage HVAC Air Tempering
  • G— HVAC Retrofits for the Three Worst Systems
  • H— Chilled Water System Discussion and ECMs
  • Proportional Pumping Energy Use
  • Flow Matching
  • Approach to Achieving Chiller Plant Energy Savings
  • Modifying Air Handling Systems to Increase System DT
  • Variable Secondary Flow
  • High Efficiency Chiller
  • Other Chilled Water System ECMS
  • Tertiary Pumping
  • Variable Primary Chilled Water Flow (Dedicated Pumps)
  • Variable Condenser Water Flow
  • Primary-Only Pumping
  • Chilled Water Economizer
  • Variable Flow During Water Side Economizer Operation
  • Condenser Water Reset
  • I— Commissioning
  • J— Envelope Tradeoffs-Light Harvesting, Window Tinting
  • K— Overlapping Heating and Cooling
  • L— Part Load HVAC Efficiency
  • M— Facility Guide Specifications: Suggestions to Build-inEnergy Efficiency
  • N— Regression for Energy Management
  • O— Error Band Using Energy Consumption Signaturesas an Operational Control
  • P— Information from Interval Data
  • Basic Uses of Interval Data
  • Case Studies
  • Section III—Appendix
  • Appendix
  • Glossary of Terms
  • Conflicting ECMs and ‘Watch Outs’
  • Top 10 IAQ Mistakes a CEM Should Avoid
  • Energy Audit levels
  • Representative Tasks and Background Knowledge for Energy Management and Energy Engineering
  • Net Zero Definitions
  • Cost Estimating—Accuracy Levels Defined
  • Simple Payback vs. Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
  • DSM Program Cost Effectiveness Tests
  • Heat Loss from Uninsulated Hot Piping and Surfaces
  • Duct Fitting Loss Coefficients
  • Evaporation Loss from Water in Heated Tanks
  • Cooling Tower Cold Water Basin Heat Loss
  • Clean Room Particles and Air Changes by Class
  • Bin Weather Data for 5 Cities
  • Hours per Year Outside Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb Temperature
  • Altitude Correction Factors at Different Temperatures (Fa)
  • Parsing CBECS Data
  • CBECS Climate Zone Map
  • Building Use Categories Defined (CBECS)
  • Operating Expenses: Percent that Are from Utility Costs
  • Operating Expenses: Percent that Are from Utility Costs (Manufacturing)
  • Service Life of Various System Components
  • Equating Energy Savings to Profit Increase
  • Integrated Design Examples
  • Energy Audit Approach for Commercial Buildings
  • Energy Audit Look-For Items
  • Energy Audit—Sample Questionnaire/Checklist
  • ASHRAE Psychrometric Charts 1-5
  • Refrigerant Replacement Matrix
  • Refrigerant Pressure-Enthalpy (Mollier) Diagrams
  • Blended Refrigerants
  • Pressure-Temperature Charts for Refrigerants
  • Index

Author: Steve Doty

e-ISBN: 9788770223300

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SKU: 82311400588

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Connie
Draper, US
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Our pup loves it (to pieces)!
Color: Fox-Crocodile
Fun toy for our playful pup, but nothing indestructible. She finds a seam and in days, the toy is in bits. Lucky for us, she still enjoys playing with parts! Package of 2. One down, one to go!
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Ron Scherer
Grantham, US
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Holds Up Well
Color: Fox-Crocodile
My dog loves this toy and after several months of heavy use he has yet to rip it apart like he's done with every other toy I've bought him. He has a hard time grabbing it with his teeth to play his usual tug of war games.
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Kindle Customer
Waukegan, US
★★★★★ 4
Cute
Color: Fox-Crocodile
I love the interactive toys, BUT my dogs are either too destructive or smart because they’ve ripped the little treat part, so I can’t hide stuff in there anymore. Otherwise, they still play tug of war with it. Probably better for smaller or lazy dogs.
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Reviewed in the United States on April 28, 2026
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Onex Rickli
Battle Creek, US
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Great Interactive Toy for My Dogs
Color: Fox-Crocodile
I have four dogs with different personalities and energy levels, and these toys have been a fun addition to our home. The two dogs in the photos were the first to test them, and they immediately started sniffing, searching, and working to get the treats hidden inside. The toys are soft, well-made, and provide great mental stimulation. I like that they keep my dogs entertained while encouraging them to use their noses and problem-solving skills. The treat compartments work best with small training treats, and the toys have held up well during regular play. Overall, this has been a great enrichment toy for my pack. If you have small or medium-sized dogs that enjoy treat puzzles and interactive toys, I would definitely recommend giving these a try. The two pups in the photos approved them right away, and the other two quickly joined the fun!
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Reviewed in the United States on June 10, 2026
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L. Roberts
Belleville, US
★★★★★ 5
Great toy for our mouthy chewing very active dog - he loves it and so do we!
Color: Fox-Crocodile
Great buy! Dog is very mouthy, so got this to try to focus chewing on a toy rather than me, and he loves it. Pockets are a little small for many treats, but they do hold very small ones tucked into each triangle - (16 small treats total between the two toys), and rolls up with a strong velcro which holds pretty well. Dog will forcefully wedge his nose into the roll trying to get to the treats and it doesn't unroll until he works it over. Wasn't positive how well it would hold up - he is a very mouthy puppy who is very strong and likes to shred, but out of all the toys, it has held up some of the best (on par with the kong toys so far) where others are not faring so well. He has pulled and tugged at the eyes, feet and ears repeatedly, and they are still firmly attached and no fraying on the treat spots at this time. He throws this thing around playing by himself and aside from being dirty now being one of his favorite toys, it looks as good as new. The only problem we have had is one of the squeakers no longer squeaks as he seems to have managed to remove that part of the noisemaker - but no holes, no rips, no shreds, nothing else showing wear and tear. He has even used it for tug of war on occasion and though we didn't let that last too long, it showed no signs of tearing or ripping from that either.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 30, 2026

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