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Commercial Energy Auditing Reference Handbook, 3rd editionThis is a single license Digital eBook PDF File that is downloadable, and password protected eBook Description Table of Contents Introduction User Guide Suggested References Section ISpecific Information Chapter 1 Benchmarking General Differentiating by Energy Source Energy Use Intensity Limitations of EUI Calculating EUI Mixed EUI Production EUI EUI Adjustment for Occupancy Energy End Use Distribution Energy End Use Variations Over Time Energy Cost
This is a single license Digital eBook PDF File that is downloadable, and password protected
eBook Description
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- User Guide
- Suggested References
- Section I—Specific Information
- Chapter 1 Benchmarking
- General
- Differentiating by Energy Source
- Energy Use Intensity
- Limitations of EUI
- Calculating EUI
- Mixed EUI
- Production EUI
- EUI Adjustment for Occupancy
- Energy End Use Distribution
- Energy End Use Variations Over Time
- Energy Cost as a Percent of Total Operating Cost
- Limitations of Using Benchmark Data
- Chapter 2 Analyzing Energy Use Graphs
- General
- Intuitive Information
- Year by Year Comparisons
- Weather Dependence
- Load Factor
- Business Volume (Production Rates)
- Savings Opportunities
- Chapter 3 Energy Saving Opportunities by Business Type
- PBA concept
- Energy End Use Pies
- Apartment Buildings/Multi-Family/ Dormitories
- Churches/Worship
- Data Centers
- Education—Colleges and Universities
- Education—Schools K-12
- Food Sales—Grocery Stores
- Food Service/Restaurants
- Health Care—Hospital
- Health Care—Non Hospital
- Laundries—Commercial
- Libraries/Museums
- Lodging/Hotels/Motels
- Office Buildings
- Retail/Sales
- Warehouses
- Pools
- Ice Rinks
- Specific Sub Systems
- Boilers
- Chillers
- High Rise
- Variable Air Volume Systems
- Chapter 4 Manufacturing and Unit Operations
- Introduction
- Common Themes in Approaching Process Efficiency
- Metrics: Macro View
- Metrics: Micro View
- Process Diagramming
- Standby Losses
- Process-Related Shared Systems
- Building Services Energy Use
- Reviewing Coincidence of Activities
- Reviewing the Process Itself
- Desire for Energy Use to Follow Production Rates
- Primary Energy Use Sources
- Production Scheduling
- Maintenance
- Controls
- Some Common ECMs for Manufacturing
- Specific Light Manufacturing ECMs by Process
- Chapter 5 ECM Descriptions
- ECM Descriptions—Envelope
- ECM Descriptions—Lighting
- ECM Descriptions—HVAC
- ECM Descriptions—Boilers and District Heating
- ECM Descriptions—Swimming Pools
- ECM Descriptions—Heat Recovery
- ECM Descriptions—Thermal Storage (TES)
- ECM Descriptions—Electrical
- ECM Descriptions—Compressed Air
- ECM Descriptions—Laundry
- Chapter 6 Utility Rate Components
- Electric
- Gas
- Chapter 7 Automatic Control Strategies
- General
- Cost/Benefit Ratio for Control System EMCs
- Control System Application Notes
- Lighting Control Strategies—Basic
- HVAC Control Strategies—Basic
- Lighting Control Strategies—Advanced
- HVAC Control Strategies—Advanced
- Other Ways to Leverage DDC Controls
- Control System Calibration
- Chapter 8 Building Operations and Maintenance
- Vacancy
- Closing a Facility for Part of a Week
- Closing a Portion of a Facility for Extended Periods
- Facility Repair Costs
- Maintenance Value
- Poor Indoor Comfort and Indoor Air Quality Costs
- Productivity Value
- Maintenance Energy Benefits
- Heat Exchanger Approach Diagrams
- Chapter 9 Quantifying Savings
- General
- Measure Interactions
- Bin Weather Used to Estimate Load Profile and ECM Savings
- Equipment Efficiency Profiles
- Rough Estimating Envelope Improvement Savings
- Establishing the HVAC Load Profile
- Adjusting the HVAC Load Profile for Humid Climates
- Adjusting the HVAC Load Profile for Overlapping Heating and Cooling
- Sample Savings Calculations
- Load-following Air and Water Flows vs. Constant Flow (VSD Benefit)
- Supply Air Reset vs. Reheat—Constant Volume
- Supply Air Reset with VAV vs. Increased Fan Energy
- Condenser Water Reset vs. Constant Temperature
- Chilled Water Reset for Variable Pumping vs. Increased Pump Energy
- Water-Side Economizer vs. Chiller Cooling
- Higher Efficiency Lighting vs. Existing Lighting
- Higher Efficiency Motors vs. Existing Motors
- Higher Efficiency Chiller vs. Existing Chiller
- Higher Efficiency Boiler vs. Existing Boiler
- Hot Water Reset from Outside Air vs. Constant Temperature
- Reduce Air System Friction Losses—Constant Volume
- Automatic Control Savings Examples
- Computer Modeling/Simulating Energy Use
- Measurement and Verification (M&V)
- Macro Baselines—for Goals and Projections
- Chapter 10 Sustaining Savings
- Tendency for Initial Savings to Deteriorate
- Maintaining Initial Savings
- Checklist for service access and operations
- Section II—General Information
- Chapter 11 Mechanical Systems
- General
- HVAC System Types
- Water-Cooled vs. Air-Cooled—
- Single Pass Mechanical Systems
- Oil-Less Refrigeration Technology
- Hermetic Motor Energy Penalty
- Thermal Energy Transport Notes
- Chillers
- Part Load Chilled Water System Performance
- Cooling Towers and Evaporative Fluid Coolers
- Dry Coolers
- Electronic Expansion Valves
- Air and Water Circulating System Resistance
- Fan/Pump Motor Work Equation
- Fan and Pump Efficiencies
- Thermal Balance Concept for Buildings
- Air-Side Economizer
- Cooling Energy Balance for Heat Producing Equipment
- Humidifiers
- Kitchen Hoods and Make-Up Air
- Heat Pumps
- Refrigeration Cycle
- Evaporative Cooling
- Spot Cooling
- VAV Reheat Penalty
- Glycol vs. Efficiency
- Cost of Ventilation
- Simultaneous Heating and Cooling
- Chapter 12 Motors and Electrical Information
- Full Load Motor Efficiency
- Part Load Motor Efficiency—Constant Speed
- Part Load Motor Efficiency—Variable Speed
- Effect of Voltage Changes on Induction Motor Characteristics
- Voltage Imbalance
- Sources of Motor Losses
- Common Motor Design Characteristics
- Permanent Magnet Motors
- Fractional Horsepower Motors
- Variable Speed Drives
- Power Factor
- Chapter 13 Combustion Equipment and Systems
- Steam Cost
- Combustion Efficiency
- Boiler Heating Output When Only Heating Surface Area is Known
- Boiler StandBy Heat Loss (Boiler Skin Loss)
- Boiler Cycling Losses
- Savings from Various Boiler Improvements
- Pilot Light Fuel Consumption
- Natural Draft Flue—Dilution Air
- Savings from Steam System Improvements
- Steam Leaks
- Flue Gas Recoverable Heat
- Savings from Reducing Excess Air
- Generator Fuel Consumption
- Heat Rate
- Chapter 14 Compressed Air
- Contents
- Overall Efficiency of Compressed Air
- Standard SCFM vs. Actual ACFM
- Compressor Efficiency
- Compressed Air Cost
- Compressor Capacity Control
- Compressed Air Leaks
- Compressed Air Driers
- Pressure Drop from Friction in Piping
- Storage and Capacitance
- Rules of Thumb
- Chapter 15 Fan and Pump Drives
- Fan/Pump Capacity Modulation Methods
- V-Belts
- Synchronous Belts
- Variable Speed Drive Considerations
- Best Efficiency Point (BEP)
- Pump/Fan Curve Characteristics
- Wire-To-Water Efficiency
- VSD Savings: Square Instead of Cube
- Affinity Law Application Where Static Head is Involved
- Savings Impact When Controlling to a ConstantDownstream Pressure—VAV and Variable Pumping
- Savings from Lowering DownstreamMaintained Pressure Setting
- Chapter 16 Lighting
- General
- Lighting terms
- Dimming
- Lighting vs. Distance
- Light Colored Surfaces
- Lighting Technology Properties
- LED Technology
- Lighting Energy Use, Pct of Total Electric, by Building Type
- Lighting Hours by Building Type
- Typical Recommended Lighting Levels
- Lighting Opportunities
- Occupancy Sensor Energy Savings
- Lighting Impacts on HVAC Use by Climate
- Lighting Power Budget Values Watts/SF
- Chapter 17 Envelope Information
- BLC Heat Loss Method
- R-Value Reduction from Stud Walls
- Glazing Properties
- Infiltration
- Air Flow Created from Building Stack Effect
- Air Flow Through Open Dock Doors
- Door Infiltration Rates
- Composite U-values for Envelope Evaluation
- Percent Skylight/Clerestory Effect on Overall Gross Roof Insulation U-value
- Chapter 18 Domestic Water Heating
- Domestic Water Heaters
- Domestic Water Heater Standby Losses
- Chapter 19 Weather Data
- Degree-days
- Bin Weather Data
- Weather Data by Days and Times
- Chapter 20 Pollution and Greenhouse Gases
- Pollution—Emission Conversion Factors by State
- Pollution—Conversion to Equivalent Number of Automobiles
- Other Environmental Considerations
- Chapter 21 Formulas and Conversions
- Efficiency
- COP, EER, kW/Ton
- Heat-conversion Factors
- Affinity Laws
- Electrical Formulas
- Load Factor
- Energy Transport (Circulating Water and Air)
- Heat Transfer Formulas
- HVAC Formulas and Conversions
- Altitude Correction
- Humidification
- Dehumidification
- Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
- Properties of Air, Water, Ice
- Specific Heat of Air and Water
- Heating Values of Common Fuels
- Latent Heat of Water
- Insulation Formulas
- Other Useful Formulas
- Fuel Switching—Electric Resistance Heat vs. Combustion Heat
- Heat Pump—Approximate COP from High/Low Region Temperatures
- Heat Pump—Approximate kW Power from COP
- Chimney Effect
- Other Conversion Factors
- Conversion Factor Tables
- Metric Conversion Factors
- Chapter 22 Water Efficiency
- Introduction
- A Philosophy of Water
- Water Technology Compared to Energy Technology
- Reduced Pressure
- Water Grades
- Filters and Strainers
- Cooling Towers
- Boilers
- Process Water Purification
- Water Efficiency for Mechanical Cooling Systems
- Evaporation Loss
- Domestic Hot and Cold Water Systems
- Water Reuse Opportunities
- Potable Water Substitutes
- Water Accounting
- Appendix A: Consumptive Use
- Appendix B: Embedded Energy in Water and Waste Water
- Chapter 23 Using Feedback for Energy Management
- Introduction
- The Need for Feedback
- Obstacles to Behavior Savings
- Behavior Choices and Feedback
- Operations and Maintenance
- Choices and Feedback
- Management Choices and Feedback
- Utility Choices and Feedback
- Energy Dashboards
- Deputy Effect
- Sub Meters
- Savings from O&M and Behavior
- Additional Related Topics
- Chapter 24 Special Topics
- A— Data Center Efficiency
- High Energy Use Intensity in Data Center Power Food Chain
- Server Part Load Energy Use
- Measures to Reduce Computer Energy Use Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE)
- Mechanical Cooling Energy Reflection
- Water Cost
- Cooling Designs
- Interaction of HVAC Measures
- Basic HVAC Strategies
- HVAC System Variations
- Additional Opportunities for Data Centers
- Economizers
- B— Percent per Degree Rule of Thumb for Refrigeration Cycle Improvement
- C— Early Replacement Business Case
- D— Lease Arrangements-Effect on Energy Project Interest
- E— Coordinating Upstream/Downstream Setpoints
- F— Semiconductor Fab Multi-Stage HVAC Air Tempering
- G— HVAC Retrofits for the Three Worst Systems
- H— Chilled Water System Discussion and ECMs
- Proportional Pumping Energy Use
- Flow Matching
- Approach to Achieving Chiller Plant Energy Savings
- Modifying Air Handling Systems to Increase System DT
- Variable Secondary Flow
- High Efficiency Chiller
- Other Chilled Water System ECMS
- Tertiary Pumping
- Variable Primary Chilled Water Flow (Dedicated Pumps)
- Variable Condenser Water Flow
- Primary-Only Pumping
- Chilled Water Economizer
- Variable Flow During Water Side Economizer Operation
- Condenser Water Reset
- I— Commissioning
- J— Envelope Tradeoffs-Light Harvesting, Window Tinting
- K— Overlapping Heating and Cooling
- L— Part Load HVAC Efficiency
- M— Facility Guide Specifications: Suggestions to Build-inEnergy Efficiency
- N— Regression for Energy Management
- O— Error Band Using Energy Consumption Signaturesas an Operational Control
- P— Information from Interval Data
- Basic Uses of Interval Data
- Case Studies
- Section III—Appendix
- Appendix
- Glossary of Terms
- Conflicting ECMs and ‘Watch Outs’
- Top 10 IAQ Mistakes a CEM Should Avoid
- Energy Audit levels
- Representative Tasks and Background Knowledge for Energy Management and Energy Engineering
- Net Zero Definitions
- Cost Estimating—Accuracy Levels Defined
- Simple Payback vs. Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
- DSM Program Cost Effectiveness Tests
- Heat Loss from Uninsulated Hot Piping and Surfaces
- Duct Fitting Loss Coefficients
- Evaporation Loss from Water in Heated Tanks
- Cooling Tower Cold Water Basin Heat Loss
- Clean Room Particles and Air Changes by Class
- Bin Weather Data for 5 Cities
- Hours per Year Outside Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb Temperature
- Altitude Correction Factors at Different Temperatures (Fa)
- Parsing CBECS Data
- CBECS Climate Zone Map
- Building Use Categories Defined (CBECS)
- Operating Expenses: Percent that Are from Utility Costs
- Operating Expenses: Percent that Are from Utility Costs (Manufacturing)
- Service Life of Various System Components
- Equating Energy Savings to Profit Increase
- Integrated Design Examples
- Energy Audit Approach for Commercial Buildings
- Energy Audit Look-For Items
- Energy Audit—Sample Questionnaire/Checklist
- ASHRAE Psychrometric Charts 1-5
- Refrigerant Replacement Matrix
- Refrigerant Pressure-Enthalpy (Mollier) Diagrams
- Blended Refrigerants
- Pressure-Temperature Charts for Refrigerants
- Index
Author: Steve Doty
e-ISBN: 9788770223300
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